The iputils ping flags engineers actually use: -c/-i/-q for jitter, -s/-M for MTU, -D for timestamps, and the -I flag that fixes confusing IPv6 failures.
Find the path MTU with nothing but ping, from Linux and IOS XE, against a real 1400-byte link. The 28-byte math and the PMTUD black holes that hang TCP.
Source interfaces, the DF bit, repeat counts, and the response characters (! . U M) that tell you exactly what failed. Extended ping on Cisco IOS XE, captured live.
Silent 100% loss and Destination Unreachable are different failures pointing at different problems. Every ping failure message decoded with live lab captures.