Learn to configure and verify single-area OSPFv2 on Cisco routers with complete Router ID setup, network commands, and wildcard masks. Includes hands-on Cisco CML lab with full verification outputs and troubleshooting steps.
Learn how to configure a hostname on your Cisco router using simple CLI commands. This guide explains why hostnames matter, how to save changes, and best practices for network organization.
Learn the basics of IP routing and network-layer functions for CCNA. Understand how routers use IP addressing and routing tables to efficiently forward packets.
Learn Cisco IPv4 configuration step by step using real CLI commands. This beginner-friendly CCNA lab shows how to configure, verify, and troubleshoot IPv4 on Cisco routers.
Learn how TCP/IP data encapsulation works step by step. Understand PDUs and the differences between frames, packets, and segments for your CCNA exam.
Unlike IGPs that use a single metric (cost, bandwidth, delay), BGP makes routing decisions based on a rich set of
BGP keeps its protocol machinery lean — four message types handle everything from session negotiation to route exchange to error reporting.
BGP is one protocol, but it behaves very differently depending on whether two peers are in the same autonomous system
BGP doesn't discover neighbors automatically like OSPF does with multicast hellos. Every BGP peering session is deliberately configured,
Every time you load a webpage, your traffic crosses multiple networks owned by different organizations. The protocol responsible for making
Controlling which routes you accept from peers and which routes you advertise is fundamental to BGP operations. Prefix lists are
Route reflectors are the most common solution for scaling iBGP, but they're not the only one. BGP confederations
The iBGP full mesh requirement becomes unmanageable quickly — 10 routers need 45 sessions, 50 routers need 1,225. Route reflectors
One of the most common iBGP issues is a route that appears in the BGP table but never makes it
Once your border routers have eBGP sessions with external peers, you need a way to distribute those learned routes to
Configuring an eBGP neighbor is the first hands-on step in any BGP deployment. Unlike IGPs where neighbor discovery is automatic,
BGP is not like OSPF — it doesn't automatically advertise connected interfaces or discover routes on its own. Every