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NTP (Network Time Protocol) synchronizes clocks across network devices so that log timestamps are consistent and meaningful. Without NTP, a

QoS - Quality of Service - is how you give priority to traffic that needs it (voice, video) over traffic

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is how monitoring systems poll devices for status, counters, and config. SNMPv2c uses community strings

Syslog is the log-collection protocol every network device speaks. Configure your routers and switches to send their logs to a

Static NAT creates a permanent one-to-one mapping between an inside private IP and an outside public IP. Used when an

DHCP discover messages are L2 broadcasts - they do not cross routers. So when client and server are on different